Free Essays on Church In The Middle Ages

a brief description to help the reader better understand its meaning. Another aspect of Logan’s writing that I enjoyed was the way he was able to relate historical issues to the present day. He was quick to admit when historical accuracy might not have been fully accounted for, so he does not pretend to be â€Å"all-knowing† and have proof of his claims. He occasionally gives his opinions on certain situations, but mainly gives factual information. His writing is not the most elegant and artistic. I would say he uses more names, dates, and facts that makes recall somewhat difficult given the large portion of events he speaks of. Basically, I think Logan tried to squeeze the whole Middle Ages in to one small book. This was too much information for him to be elaborate on. I will now take you through the book to help illustrate what I mean. The Eleventh century brought about a need for reform in the Christian religion. The central belief that the â€Å"original sin† of Adam weakens human nature made man fearful of failure. In a time when the shape of the Christian church was in question, the crusades acted as a battle to separate the power in the medieval church. The traditional names given to the movements were the ‘Gregorian Reform’ or the â€Å"Hildenbrandine Reform.’ Both names of which the author says are misguiding and inappropriate. They refer to Pope Gregory VII, who while played a major role, should not be given full credit Martin 2 for the refor... Free Essays on Church In The Middle Ages Free Essays on Church In The Middle Ages Martin 1 A History of the Church in the Middle Ages, by Donald F. Logan takes its readers on a historical tour of medieval times. The author does a great job using different stories to emphasize the impact that the church and state had on shaping this period. Issues such as reform, heresy, corruption, disease, death, education, conquests, and the profiles of key individuals are all discussed and analyzed by Logan. He does a commendable job giving unfamiliar words a brief description to help the reader better understand its meaning. Another aspect of Logan’s writing that I enjoyed was the way he was able to relate historical issues to the present day. He was quick to admit when historical accuracy might not have been fully accounted for, so he does not pretend to be â€Å"all-knowing† and have proof of his claims. He occasionally gives his opinions on certain situations, but mainly gives factual information. His writing is not the most elegant and artistic. I would say h e uses more names, dates, and facts that makes recall somewhat difficult given the large portion of events he speaks of. Basically, I think Logan tried to squeeze the whole Middle Ages in to one small book. This was too much information for him to be elaborate on. I will now take you through the book to help illustrate what I mean. The Eleventh century brought about a need for reform in the Christian religion. The central belief that the â€Å"original sin† of Adam weakens human nature made man fearful of failure. In a time when the shape of the Christian church was in question, the crusades acted as a battle to separate the power in the medieval church. The traditional names given to the movements were the ‘Gregorian Reform’ or the â€Å"Hildenbrandine Reform.’ Both names of which the author says are misguiding and inappropriate. They refer to Pope Gregory VII, who while played a major role, should not be given full credit Martin 2 for the refor...

What Happens If the Presidential Election Is a Tie

What Happens If the Presidential Election Is a Tie In four instances, the Electoral College, not the popular vote, has determined the outcome of a presidential election. Although there has never been a tie, the U.S. Constitution outlines a process for resolving such a scenario. Heres what would happen and who the players involved are if the 538 electors sit down after the election and vote 269 to 269. The U.S. Constitution When the U.S. first gained its independence, Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution outlined the process for selecting electors and the process by which they would select a president. At the time, electors could vote for two different candidates for president; whoever lost that vote would become vice president. This led to serious controversies in the elections of 1796 and 1800. In response, U.S. Congress ratified the 12th Amendment in 1804. The amendment clarified the process by which electors should vote. More importantly, it described what to do in the event of an electoral tie. The amendment states that the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President† and â€Å"the Senate shall choose the Vice-President. The process is also used in the event that no candidate wins 270 or more Electoral College votes. The House of Representatives As directed by the 12th Amendment, the 435 members of the House of Representatives must make their first official duty the selection of the next president. Unlike the Electoral College system, where larger population equals more votes, each of the 50 states in the House gets exactly one vote when selecting the president. It is up to the delegation of representatives from each state to decide how their state will cast its one and only vote. Smaller states like Wyoming, Montana, and Vermont, with only one representative, wield as much power as California or New York. The District of Columbia does not get a vote in this process. The first candidate to win the votes of any 26 states is the new president. The 12th Amendment gives the House until the fourth day of March to select a president. The Senate At the same time that the House is selecting the new president, the Senate must select the new vice president. Each of the 100 senators gets one vote, with a simple majority of 51 senators required to select the vice president. Unlike the House, the 12th Amendment places no time limit on the Senates selection of a vice president. If There Is Still a Tie With 50 votes in the House and 100 votes in the Senate, there could still be tie votes for both president and vice president. Under the 12th Amendment, as amended by the 20th Amendment, if the House has failed to select a new president by Jan. 20, the vice president-elect serves as acting president until the deadlock is resolved. In other words, the House keeps voting until the tie is broken. This assumes that the Senate has selected a new vice president. If the Senate has failed to break a 50-50 tie for vice president, the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 specifies that the Speaker of the House will serve as acting president until tie votes in both the House and Senate have been broken. Past Election Controversies In the controversial 1800 presidential election, an Electoral College tie vote occurred between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate,  Aaron Burr. The tie-breaking vote made Jefferson president, with Burr declared vice president, as the Constitution required at the time. In 1824, none of the four candidates won the required majority vote in the Electoral College. The House elected  John Quincy Adams president despite the fact that Andrew Jackson had won the popular vote and the most electoral votes. In 1837, none of the vice presidential candidates won a majority in the Electoral College. The Senate vote made Richard Mentor Johnson vice president over Francis Granger. Since then, there have been some very close calls. In 1876, Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Samuel Tilden by a single electoral vote, 185 to 184. And in 2000, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore by 271 to 266 electoral votes in an election that ended in the Supreme Court.